When talking about hemp-derived compounds, two names often come up: CBD and THC. Both are part of the same chemical family, but their effects, uses and legal regulation are very different. What makes them so different? Understanding how they act in the body, what applications are attributed to them, and what the scientific evidence says can help you make more informed and confident decisions. And to do this, the first thing is to observe how they relate to your own biological system.
How they act in the body: mechanisms of action
Before talking about effects or uses, it is essential to understand what happens in your body when they come into contact with CBD or THC. Both act through an internal system called the endocannabinoid, which functions as a regulatory network. That is, as a set of “switches” that help maintain the balance between functions as diverse as mood, appetite or sleep. Let’s see what role each one plays.
The Endocannabinoid System and Its Regulatory Role
This system is present in your body from birth and fulfills key functions for your general well-being. It is made up of receptors (called CB1 and CB2), which act as sensors in different parts of the body. CB1s are primarily found in the brain, while CB2s are found in peripheral organs, the immune system, and tissues such as the skin.
Cannabinoids like THC and CBD bind to these receptors in different ways, and that’s where the big difference begins. While one activates them directly, the other modulates them gently. That interaction sets the tone for its effects.
THC and its direct effect on brain receptors
THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) binds directly to CB1 receptors located in the brain. In doing so, it activates them as if it were pressing buttons that temporarily modify the communication between neurons. This can translate into changes in the perception of time, intense sensations or alterations in immediate memory.
According to research such as that of Stella (2023), this activation gives it some beneficial potential, but it also makes its effects stronger and that is why it needs greater medical and expert control when used for these purposes. In young people or people with a certain predisposition, it can generate cognitive or emotional side effects that should be known in advance.
CBD and its indirect influence
Cannabidiol (CBD), on the other hand, does not directly activate these receptors. What it does is something more subtle: it modulates them. It is what experts call a negative allosteric modulator. In simple words, it slightly changes the shape of the receptor so that its response to other substances is more balanced. In addition, CBD interacts with other receptors such as TRPV1 (related to pain perception and temperature) or 5-HT1A (linked to emotional regulation and serotonin). This ability to influence several points at once could explain why its role in relieving pain, anxiety, or even cell protection is being studied (Blebea et al., 2024).
Effects on the body: what the evidence shows
With the mechanisms clear, we can now talk about its effects. The differences between CBD and THC are not only seen in how they work, but also in the changes they produce on a physical, emotional, and cognitive level. This is where science offers valuable guidance.
Cognitive and emotional changes associated with THC
Studies in humans and animals have shown that THC alters the activity of brain areas such as the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (Stella, 2023). These regions are involved in memory, judgment, and emotional control. As a result, THC can lead to temporary difficulties in working memory, decreased clarity when making decisions, or even mood variations.
Although some people seek it precisely for these effects, they can also pose risks, especially when the amount or context in which it is used is unknown. That is one of the reasons why its regulation is stricter.
Regulatory Effects of CBD on Mood, Pain, and Sleep
CBD has been studied from a different perspective. As it does not generate psychoactive effects, its ability to modulate states such as anxiety or stress without interfering with mental lucidity has been explored (Blessing et al., 2015). In addition, research links it to potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that could be useful for the management of physical discomfort (Atalay et al., 2019).
In terms of sleep, studies such as that of Rojas-Valverde (2021) have observed that CBD could promote rest without inducing artificial sleepiness. In other words, it would not be about sleeping more, but about sleeping better, naturally and without affecting your consciousness. This set of possible effects has made it an attractive option for those who seek to accompany their daily well-being.
Safety, tolerance and possible risks
Talking about cannabinoids not only implies knowing their benefits, but also their possible adverse effects. Understanding what their tolerance and safety levels are helps you better assess whether they’re right for you.
Safety Profile of Cannabidiol (CBD)
One of the reasons why CBD has gained popularity is that it is generally safe. In the few cases where there are adverse reactions, they are usually transitory: feeling tired, mild sleepiness or digestive discomfort (Blebea et al., 2024).
It is also relevant that no risks of dependence or negative effects on memory have been identified. However, like any active substance, it can interfere with certain medications or health conditions. Therefore, if you plan to incorporate CBD into your routine, it is advisable to do so with professional supervision, especially if you are already under treatment or have a medical condition.
Risks associated with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) use
The case of THC requires more attention. When used repeatedly, you can develop tolerance (i.e., needing higher and higher amounts to feel its effects) and, in some cases, psychological dependence. Research such as that of Stella (2023) also warns about its possible impact on brain development in specific cases. For all these reasons, its legal application is restricted to very specific medical contexts and always under specialized evaluation.
Plant origin and differences in the cannabis plant
Now that you know how they work and what effects they have, it’s worth looking at their starting point: the plant itself. Did you know that both CBD and THC come from the same initial molecule? Its story begins in the heart of hemp.
CBGA and the Role of Enzymes in Cannabinoid Synthesis
The precursor molecule is called cannabigerolic acid (CBGA). As the plant grows, this compound transforms into different cannabinoids depending on the enzymes present. It’s as if each strain has a “genetic manual” that decides whether it will form more CBD or more THC (Blebea et al., 2024).
Growing conditions, such as light, temperature, or soil type, also influence this process. Therefore, even plants of the same species can have different profiles.
How a Plant’s Predominant Profile Is Defined: THC vs. THC CBD
When a plant develops a higher concentration of THC, its uses are more limited. On the other hand, CBD-rich varieties, such as industrial hemp, are used for broader uses, as they do not generate intoxicating effects.
This difference also determines the way in which these compounds are regulated, marketed and used. Understanding plant origin allows you to more fully assess what you’re using.
Current applications and research on CBD
Scientific interest in CBD has expanded thanks to its versatility and safety profile. Recent research has explored different possible fields of well-being where this cannabinoid could play a relevant role. Although many of its effects are still being studied, preliminary findings are promising.
- In the management of pain and inflammation, several studies have pointed out that CBD could be useful for people with persistent discomfort, whether muscular or joint (Blebea et al., 2024; Atalay et al., 2019).
- Its role in emotional regulation has also been investigated, with results that point to a potential in terms of reducing anxiety and promoting a state of greater mental tranquility, without compromising cognitive clarity (Blessing et al., 2015).
- In terms of sleep quality, CBD has been studied to improve rest in people with intense routines or difficulty relaxing at the end of the day, even in the case of high-performance athletes (Rojas-Valverde, 2021).
- On a topical level, several studies have pointed to potential benefits in skin care, such as reducing irritation, inflammation, and promoting healthy hydration (Atalay et al., 2019; Tijani et al., 2021; Ikarashi et al., 2021).
- It is also studied for its potential antioxidant action and its possible role in cell regeneration, including processes such as wound healing (Parikh et al., 2024).
While much remains to be discovered, the current landscape suggests that CBD could become a complementary ally for different aspects of personal care and everyday health.
Legal framework in Spain: what is allowed and what is not
THC is considered a controlled substance and is only allowed for therapeutic use with a medical prescription, in specific products approved by the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health Products (AEMPS). Any use outside of that context may result in legal consequences.
CBD, on the other hand, is authorised for cosmetic or topical and collector’s products, as long as they contain less than 0.2% THC.
Conclusion: Two compounds, different effects
As you’ve seen, CBD and THC are compounds that share origin, but not behavior. One acts intensely on the brain and requires supervision. The other modulates more smoothly and is explored as a tool for well-being.
If you are considering using CBD products, our recommendation is that you do your research, choose verified options and, if you have specific doubts or conditions, have the guidance of a professional. Information is your best ally to decide with confidence and security.
Don’t forget to visit maionais CBD and find out more!
References:
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