Cannabinoids

While they are undoubtedly the most well-known, the world of cannabis is not limited to CBD and THC. Behind them is a whole constellation of compounds called cannabinoids, each with distinct chemical structures and potentially unique effects on the body. Among them is CBDP or cannabidiphorol, a molecule that was recently identified and that today arouses curiosity because it could differ from CBD in the way it interacts with the body. Throughout this article, we’re going to review what is known about each, how they are similar and how they aren’t, and what current studies say about their potential. This way, you can better understand why cannabidiol is so well-known and cannabidiorol is just starting to make its way. What are CBD and CBDP cannabinoids? CBD is short for cannabidiol, one of the most abundant and studied cannabinoids in the cannabis plant. For years it has been the focus of numerous investigations that relate it to the modulation of processes such as inflammation, pain and emotional balance. Today, CBD is considered a reference cannabinoid because it appears in high concentrations in certain cannabis strains and because its safety profile has been widely evaluated. CBDP, on the other hand, corresponds to cannabidiforol, a much rarer cannabinoid. It is detected in extremely small quantities within the plant, making it very difficult to obtain directly. For that reason, most current studies are conducted with lab-produced versions of other extracts. Together, both CBD and CBDP are part of that large family of molecules called cannabinoids that can be inside the body, synthesized in laboratories and, of course, appear naturally within plants. What is CBDP and how was it discovered? Cannabidiophorol belongs to the family of phytocannabinoids, i.e. compounds naturally produced by the cannabis plant. However, this distinction is quite new, since until very recently it was believed that it could only be obtained by chemical processes in laboratories. For decades, CBDP was just a chemical concept. Scientists could synthesize similar molecules in the lab, but their existence in the plant had not been confirmed. In 2019, a team managed to detect it in small amounts in a particular strain of cannabis. According to the study by Haghdoost et al. (2024), this finding allowed it to be reclassified as a natural phytocannabinoid, although he clarified that most experiments with CBDP are carried out with synthetically obtained compounds. A rare cannabinoid in nature The presence of CBDP is so minimal in the cannabis plants tested that looking for it is like trying to find a needle in a haystack made up of many other cannabinoids. This rarity is what makes it a special cannabinoid, as its simple detection was already considered an achievement. The fact that it appears in such low quantities also explains why we still do not see it commercially as it happens with CBD oils or CBD flowers that are available in many places. Structural Differences Between CBD and CBDP When you compare two molecules, sometimes the difference is in details that are almost invisible to us, but huge on the scale of chemistry. CBD and CBDP are a good example. Cannabidiol has a five-carbon side chain, while cannabidiol has seven. It may sound like a minor change, but in the molecular world these variations can modify the way the substance interacts with receptors in the body. Interest in this type of change comes from cases such as THCP, a cannabinoid that, thanks to a longer side chain, showed a very high affinity with endocannabinoid receptors. According to Haghdoost et al. (2024), the possibility of something similar happening with CBDP versus CBD was raised. However, initial experiments did not find significantly greater potency. This structural difference, however, remains the basis for why CBDP is of interest. Comparison of effects between CBD and CBDP on the body To understand how these cannabinoids work, we must first remember that our body has its own system called the endocannabinoid. It is a network of receptors that helps regulate essential functions such as pain, appetite, mood or sleep. The study by Haghdoost et al. (2024) focused on comparing the way CBD and CBDP interact with these receptors, but it did so in vitro, i.e., under laboratory conditions and not directly in humans. That comparison gives us a first idea of how they might behave. Key receptor interactions The results showed that in the CB1 receptors, linked mainly to the nervous system, neither of them generated significant effects. In CB2, which is more related to the immune system, CBD showed a slight advantage over CBDP. When other receptors such as serotonin and dopamine, associated with emotional and motivational functions, were analyzed, CBD again showed some activity, while CBDP had little effect. The most striking difference appeared in the mu-opioid receptor, a key protein in pain processes. Here CBDP did not activate it by itself, but it did seem to boost its signal when other molecules had already stimulated it. This phenomenon is called “positive allosteric modulation.” CBD, on the other hand, showed an opposite effect, tending to reduce activity. This finding opens up the possibility of future research into how CBDP could complement other compounds in pain management. Scientific Research on CBDP and CBD When we talk about science and cannabinoids, the contrast between CBDP and CBD becomes apparent. One is just beginning to be observed in laboratories, while the other already has a solid track record of research in different fields. Exploring what is known about each one is key to understanding how far current knowledge goes and what are the questions that are still open. Initial studies on affinity and potency The team of Haghdoost et al. (2024) set out to directly compare CBDP with CBD under in vitro conditions. This means that the experiments were not done on people or animals, but on cells and controlled laboratory systems. As we noted earlier, the most interesting finding emerged when mu-opioid receptors, which play a fundamental role in pain perception, were analyzed. Unlike CBD, which tends

The world of cannabinoids is vast. Research and experimentation are discovering and even formulating new compounds all the time In recent months, one of them has begun to appear on forums and online stores that offer cannabis-related products: CB9. Some present it as a derivative of CBD with mild psychoactive effects, as a new member of the cannabis world that arouses curiosity. However, if you have investigated a little deeper, you will have noticed that the available information is confusing and, most importantly: it is not usually scientifically supported. If you’ve heard about the CB9 and want to know what it really is, you’re in the right place. In this article, we’re going to guide you through finding out what CB9 is, what’s being talked about online, how it differs from CBD, and what science really says about it. CB9: A Popular New Cannabinoid CB9 is one of those names that suddenly pop up in the digital cannabis community and spark conversations between enthusiasts and buyers. In forums and specialized pages it is repeated that it is a new, relaxing cannabinoid with mild psychoactive effects. Some say it’s a naturally occurring cannabinoid found in the plant, others say it’s a synthetic cannabinoid. This mix of rumours and sparse data has created an aura of confusion, but also curiosity around CB9. At Maionais we care about your trust and knowledge, which is why we have tracked down what is so far the only scientific study that has been identified in a timely manner and its conclusions are still limited. What we can tell you is that it is a synthetic cannabinoid. What does that mean? To understand it better, you first need to know how these compounds arise. What are synthetic and semi-synthetic cannabinoids? Before we focus on CB9, it’s helpful to understand what it means for a cannabinoid to be synthetic or semi-synthetic. This will help you understand why new names come up in the hemp world so often. Synthetic cannabinoids are compounds created in laboratories that seek to mimic the structure and effects of cannabinoids that are in the cannabis plant, such as THC or CBD. Unlike natural ones, they are not found naturally in the cannabis plant: they are the result of research and chemical synthesis. However, it is worth noting that, sometimes, some of these compounds are synthesized in the laboratory and are later identified in the plant. This, for now, is not the case with CB9, which has not been found in cannabis (Dadiotis et al., 2025). These compounds are part of the emerging psychoactive substances, which reach the market before being thoroughly studied. They are created with slight chemical variations to differentiate themselves from known cannabinoids, which makes them interesting novelties, but also places them in ambiguous places in terms of legality and safety. Where do cannabinoids like CB9 come from? We can summarize it like this: synthetic cannabinoids are molecules designed by humans that try to mimic what the plant does for itself. For those who explore this world, they represent innovation and curiosity, although scientific information about them is still lacking. Their manufacture is usually simpler than it seems. First, it starts from already known base molecules and chemically modifies them to obtain a new compound. For this reason, it is said that CB9 comes from CBD, as this would be the original molecule from which it was started to modify it until it reached this new compound. What is said about CB9? When looking for what CB9 is, what you will find most are descriptions in forums and online stores that present it as a novelty in the cannabis world, full of potential and interest. In addition to what has already been mentioned, many pages mention more supposed features that make it attractive to the community. Alleged effects and benefits On websites and forums that mention CB9, various potential benefits are attributed to it, although none are supported by scientific evidence. Among the most repeated descriptions are: General well-being and relaxation: It is mentioned that it could promote a feeling of calm and help relieve stress. Mild euphoria and altered sensory perception: Some pages indicate that, unlike CBD, it does have psychoactive effects, although they would be milder than those of THC. Possible rest support: It is suggested that it could facilitate sleep and help those who have difficulty relaxing at the end of the day. Potential in well-being: Some sites talk about potential anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anxiolytic properties, and their possible usefulness in chronic pain or neurodegenerative conditions is mentioned. These are all potential benefits that are generally reported in many other cannabinoids, and widely studied in the case of CBD (Blebea et al., 2024). That could indicate that other novel cannabinoids may share these characteristics. However, CB9 has not yet been studied for any of these purposes and these claims are not supported by science. Alleged composition and origin Most pages that talk about it link CB9 with CBD and it is mentioned as a derivative or evolution of this natural cannabinoid. Some texts explain that it would be part of a generation of cannabis-inspired compounds, combining semi-synthesis and modification of known molecules. Comparisons with other cannabinoids such as CBG or CBN are also spread, insinuating that CB9 would be somewhere between relaxing effects and mild stimulation. However, once again, the truth of these claims is still unproven. What the science reveals about CB9 Being a cannabinoid that appeared so recently, there are not many studies on it yet. However, recently a scientific study managed to analyze it along with 3 other new cannabinoids that appeared on the European market (Dadiotis et al., 2025). Below, we explain their findings and claims. Identifying CB9 and how it was discovered The researchers confirmed that CB9 is a semi-synthetic cannabinoid, i.e. a molecule created in the laboratory from the modification of known cannabis compounds. It does not exist naturally in the plant, and its appearance represents a novelty for science. To identify

You’ve probably heard them, whether it’s in the form of CBD flowers or CBG oils, or even CBN hash. It’s no coincidence: these cannabis compounds are on everyone’s lips because of the research surrounding them. And if you’re wondering what sets them apart or what role they may play in your well-being, you’re in the right place to find out. What are cannabinoids? Cannabinoids are chemical compounds that interact with a key system in the human body: the endocannabinoid system. This system is made up of a network of receptors distributed throughout the body, and plays essential roles in the balance of processes such as mood, inflammation, appetite, sleep or pain perception. Some cannabinoids occur naturally within the human body, and others come from plant sources. The latter have been the subject of growing scientific interest due to their possible applications in therapeutic, cosmetic and research contexts. Types of cannabinoids Cannabinoids are mainly divided into three types based on their origin: endocannabinoids (produced by the body), phytocannabinoids (derived from plants), and synthetic cannabinoids (created in the laboratory). More than 100 phytocannabinoids have been identified in the cannabis plant, although only a few have been extensively studied. Among them, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is best known for its psychoactive effects, while cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG) and cannabinol (CBN) have gained prominence for their potential without generating alterations in perception. Understanding these categories helps to better situate the role of each compound within the cannabis ecosystem and distinguish between its potential applications. CBD, CBG and CBN: three cannabinoids with no psychoactive effect CBD, CBG, and CBN are three phytocannabinoids that have gained prominence in scientific research and the development of legal products. Unlike THC, they do not generate psychoactive effects, which has facilitated their inclusion in cosmetic formulations, topical oils or products intended for study. Although they share a similar plant origin and molecular structure, they each interact differently with receptors in the endocannabinoid system and other mechanisms in the body. This diversity of action has aroused the interest of researchers and buyers who are looking for safer and more accessible alternatives within the field of well-being. Understanding what makes them unique and how they might influence your well-being is the first step to exploring their potential in an informed way. Potential Properties of CBD Origin of CBD in the cannabis plant Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the most abundant cannabinoids in many non-psychoactive cannabis strains. Its origin is found in cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), which is transformed into CBD through processes such as heating or natural aging of the plant. This transformation is key in the extraction and production of CBD products. Thanks to its natural abundance, chemical stability, and ease of extraction, CBD has been extensively researched. It is, in fact, the most studied cannabinoid to date, and its versatility has led to it being included in skin products, topical oils, sports creams, and more. How CBD works in the body When you apply CBD, it interacts with the endocannabinoid system, a network of receptors that helps maintain balance in functions such as mood, pain, and inflammation. Within this system, CB1 and CB2 receptors are the ones you’ll hear about the most thanks to their relationship with the effects and potential benefits of cannabinoids. Although CBD does not directly activate CB1 and CB2 receptors, it does influence their activity, acting more as a modulator than a trigger. In addition, CBD also acts on other important receptors, some of which have been studied are: TRPV1, related to the perception of pain and temperature; 5-HT1A, involved in emotional regulation; and PPAR-γ receptors, which play key roles in inflammatory and metabolic processes (Blebea et al., 2024). CBD Uses Studied in Science Scientific studies on CBD have addressed a variety of possible properties, with particular attention to its interaction with processes such as inflammation, pain, cell oxidation, and tissue regeneration. For example, its ability to modulate the inflammatory response without completely inhibiting the body’s natural mechanisms (Tijani et al., 2021) is being investigated, as well as its potential to relieve muscle discomfort and neuropathic pain in certain contexts (Alpy et al., 2023; Xu et al., 2023). In the field of hydration, it has been observed that it could stimulate the production of proteins such as aquaporin-3, which are essential for maintaining water balance between cells (Ikarashi et al., 2021). In addition, CBD could participate in cell regeneration processes by influencing CB2 receptors, suggesting a possible involvement in tissue healing (Parikh et al., 2024). Its ability to reduce sebum production in the skin and control the proliferation of acne-related bacteria is also explored (Ferreira et al., 2024). In addition, some studies indicate that it can neutralize free radicals, which opens up lines of research on its role in protecting cells against environmental factors and aging (Atalay et al., 2019). These are just a few of the areas in which CBD is being researched, and while more clinical trials are still required, the current findings justify the interest the world has in this compound. Potential Properties of CBG Origin of CBG in the cannabis plant Cannabigerol (CBG) is known as the “mother cannabinoid” because, in its acidic form CBGA, it gives rise to several important cannabinoids such as THCA, CBDA, and CBCA. During plant development, most CBGA is transformed into these compounds, leaving a very small amount of CBG naturally available. Thanks to the development of CBG-rich varieties, it is now easier to extract and study it. This has made it possible to advance the understanding of its properties and possible applications, which distinguish it from CBD and other cannabinoids. How CBG works in the body CBG has a more direct interaction with CB1 and CB2 receptors, acting as a partial agonist. This means that you can partially activate them and modify their behavior. It has also been seen to have an affinity for receptors such as TRPM8, linked to the sensation of cold, and PPAR-γ, which reinforces its interest in areas such as inflammation, metabolism and skin

We’ve all heard of CBD and THC, but recent research on cannabinoids has revealed that cannabis contains a diversity of molecules that we’re only just beginning to explore. Among them is CBDP, a phytocannabinoid that has captured the attention of some scientific groups for its rare structure and its yet-to-be-discovered biological potential. In this article, we’ll tell you what’s known so far about it, how it’s different from the CBD you already know, and what kind of research is being done to find out. What is CBDP or cannabidiforol? Although its name is reminiscent of CBD, CBDP or cannabidiophorol is part of a subfamily of cannabinoids known as phoroles, a group recently identified in the cannabis plant and characterized by having a seven-carbon alkyl chain. This variation in its chemical structure is uncommon among natural cannabinoids and is the key to the interest it has aroused. Some believe that compounds with this characteristic have a superior potency, as seems to be the case with THCP, another cannabinoid from the same subfamily. It is considered a natural phytocannabinoid as it has been identified in the cannabis plant. However, it is currently not possible to get CBDP plants in the same way that we get CBD flowers. Cannabidiophorol appears in extremely low amounts naturally, which makes it very difficult to obtain directly. For that reason, the CBDP found on the market today is usually made in laboratory processes from isolated extracts. This is why it is often found as a semi-synthetic cannabinoid, despite existing naturally within the plant. History of the discovery of CBDP Today it is recognized as a natural component of cannabis, but its history began in a laboratory, decades ago. In 1945, the effects of THCP, another cannabinoid with a similar structure, were documented for the first time through a synthetic analogue, i.e. it was created in the laboratory. These first observations paved the way for CBDP to eventually be produced in the laboratory, even before it was known that it existed in the plant. But much later, in 2019, a team managed to detect small amounts of CBDP in a specific strain of cannabis. This finding made it possible to reclassify it as a phytocannabinoid, that is, as a compound naturally produced by the plant. However, its presence is still so scarce that most of what is studied about it comes from synthetic versions. As it is such a scarce cannabinoid, there are still very few studies on it, so its biological profile and characteristics are still in very early stages of research (Haghdoost et al., 2024). How is it different from CBD (on a structural level)? From a basic chemical perspective, the main difference between CBDP and CBD is the length of the aliphatic side chain that is part of its molecular structure. While CBD has a five-carbon chain, CBDP is characterized by having a seven-carbon chain. Why does this matter? Because it has been hypothesized that longer side chains could increase affinity with certain receptors in the body, potentially making them more effective. This idea gained traction from the case of THCP, which appears to have stronger effects and interactions than THC (Haghdoost et al., 2024). From there, many wondered if something similar would happen with CBDP compared to CBD. However, current studies don’t fully support that assumption. The study by Haghdoost et al. (2024), one of the few available studies on this compound, did not find major differences in its potency and even pointed out that CBD could be more effective in certain cases. That’s why, while these structural differences are important, there’s still a lot of research to be done to understand how they translate into actual effects on the body. Differences in the effects of CBDP compared to CBD So, does CBDP behave differently in the body? To understand this, it’s helpful to remember how cannabinoids work in the body. These compounds interact with the endocannabinoid system, a network of receptors that helps regulate key functions such as pain, appetite, mood, or immune response. The best-known receptors are CB1, related to the nervous system, and CB2, which acts mainly on the immune system. Recent studies, such as that of Haghdoost et al. (2024), looked at the interaction of both CBD and CBDP with these receptors. The results showed that both compounds generated fairly mild responses. In CB1, neither produced significant effects. In CB2, CBD showed slightly higher activity. Other receptors such as serotonin and dopamine, associated with functions such as mood or motivation, were also evaluated. There, CBD showed mild activity, while CBDP had almost no behavior. Despite these similarities, an interesting difference was observed in one of the receptors outside of the traditional endocannabinoid system, which opened up a possible line of research that we explore below. CBDP’s potential for pain management One of the most relevant findings of the study was the way CBDP interacted with the mu-opioid receptor (MOR), a key protein in pain mechanisms. This receptor does not belong to the endocannabinoid system, but it is essential in many traditional analgesic therapies. In the study, CBDP showed a different action than CBD: instead of decreasing the activity of the receptor (as CBD does), it seemed to enhance it when there was already another substance acting on it. This suggests that CBDP could act as a positive allosteric modulator. In other words, it doesn’t activate the receptor on its own, but it could help amplify its signal if another compound has already activated it. This type of interaction opens up the possibility that CBDP may contribute, under certain conditions, to enhancing the body’s response to pain. Some people even speculate about how this might support the entourage effect by increasing the efficacy of other cannabinoids. Although this effect was moderate and there is still much to be understood, it represents a valuable starting point for future studies. As always, we recommend that you take these results with a grain of salt, as they are preliminary and need to be

When talking about cannabis, we often think of individual compounds such as THC or CBD. However, for years, scientists and professionals in the sector have begun to look beyond isolated ingredients. What happens when the different components of the plant interact with each other? The answer to that question has given rise to an increasingly explored hypothesis: the entourage effect. This concept proposes that the effects of cannabis might not depend solely on a specific cannabinoid, but on the joint action of various compounds such as terpenes, flavonoids, and other secondary cannabinoids. It is an idea that has captured interest both in wellness contexts and in research spaces. In this article, we walk you through to find out what’s been observed, what has been suggested in studies, and why this approach could be key to better understanding the potential of cannabis. The Entourage Effect of Cannabis: An Evolving Hypothesis The entourage effect refers to a possible synergy between the different compounds present in cannabis. Rather than acting separately, these components could influence each other and produce broader effects, different from those that each one would have on its own. This could help explain why two cannabis strains, even with similar levels of THC or CBD, can generate different responses. The difference could be in their complete chemical profile, i.e. in the combination of many compounds working together. For those who approach cannabis from curiosity or personal experience, this concept opens up new questions: Does the aroma have an influence? Does the presence of compounds that are almost not mentioned matter? Does it make sense to prefer products that preserve all the elements of the plant? It is in this type of question that the complexity and possibilities opened up by the entourage effect are observed. Origin of the term in scientific research The concept was introduced by Ben-Shabbat et al. (1998), who were researching the endocannabinoid system of the human body. They observed that some compounds that did not generate clear effects on their own could, on the other hand, enhance the effects of other substances that did interact directly with the body’s receptors. This idea that some elements “accompany” and reinforce others gave rise to the name of the entourage effect. Years later, researcher Ethan Russo (2011) took up the concept and applied it to plant cannabis. His proposal was that cannabinoids and terpenes could have combined effects that modify both the observed benefits and the possible side effects. Some examples he proposed include CBD’s ability to reduce anxiety caused by THC, or the possibility that certain terpenes soften the cognitive impact of THC itself. Which Cannabis Compounds Might Be Involved in the Entourage Effect This section allows us to take a closer look at the various chemical actors that might be involved in the entourage effect. Beyond the most well-known ones such as CBD or THC, there would be a whole network of components that interact in complex ways. Understanding their role could help you make more judicious choices between different cannabis products. Secondary cannabinoids: CBG, CBN, and CBC interacting with THC and CBD Cannabinoids are the most well-known active compounds in cannabis, but there is more variety in this category than is usually mentioned. In addition to THC and CBD, there are others such as CBG (cannabigerol), CBN (cannabinol), and CBC (cannabichromene). These so-called “secondary” cannabinoids are not minor in importance: it has been proposed that they could influence how CBD works or alter the way the overall effect of the product is perceived. Sainz Cort (2024) explains that each plant variety has a different chemotype. This means that the percentages of cannabinoids and other compounds vary naturally, generating unique combinations. It is precisely in this diversity that the key to understanding why the same percentage of CBD produces different effects depending on the variety could be found. Cannabis terpenes and their possible modulating effect Terpenes are the compounds responsible for the characteristic aroma of cannabis, but their function could go beyond smell. Some research has suggested that they may also influence the nervous system, interacting with cannabinoid receptors or modifying the bioavailability of other compounds. For example, myrcene has been associated with feelings of relaxation, limonene with more active moods, and pinene with possible greater mental clarity. Voicu et al. (2019) found that some of these terpenes have an affinity for receptors such as CB2, which are involved in the regulation of the immune system. While these effects are still being studied, the possibility of aroma and effects going hand in hand is one of the reasons terpenes generate so much interest. Flavonoids and Less-Studied Compounds: An Expanding Field To a lesser extent, flavonoids are also present in cannabis. They are natural compounds found in many plants that may have antioxidant or anti-inflammatory properties. Marinotti and Sarill (2020) mention that these elements, although not always considered protagonists, could act as complementary pieces that enrich the overall profile of the product. There is still much to discover about its specific role, but its presence is another part of the natural complexity of cannabis. Possible benefits of the entourage effect in cannabis according to scientific studies Understanding how the entourage effect might work opens new doors to different potential applications of hemp and other cannabis strains. Here are the contexts in which studies have begun to explore their usefulness. Inflammation and the immune system: interaction between terpenes and cannabinoids One of the main focuses of research has been inflammation. The immune system regulates many functions of the body and responds to damage, infection, or imbalances. Some studies have observed that the joint action of cannabinoids such as CBD with specific terpenes could have an impact on inflammatory processes. For example, Voicu et al. (2019) highlighted the role of myrcene and limonene when combined with CBD or THC. In these cases, a modulation of the inflammatory response was observed in experimental models. These early tests are valuable clues for future lines of research. Pain, anxiety, and emotional well-being:

We’ve all heard of CBD. It is normal that, when talking about cannabinoids, it is cannabidiol that gets all the attention. However, there is a wide variety of compounds in this plant that are also beginning to stand out for their particular characteristics. Among them, CBG, called the “mother cannabinoid,” has attracted attention. Both compounds are derived from cannabis, are non-psychoactive, and have been the subject of scientific studies for their potential effects on well-being. Now, what makes them different? How do they act in the body? And above all, why choose between CBG and CBD (or both)? CBD and CBG: origin, characteristics and evolution Before seeing how each one acts in the body, it is important to understand where they come from and what their journey has been. Although both come from the same plant, their concentrations, functions and presence in available products are very different. What is CBD and why has it gained prominence? Cannabidiol, or CBD, is one of the most studied cannabinoids in the cannabis plant. It is found in higher concentration than other compounds and, unlike THC, does not alter perception or mental state. Its profile has been explored in different contexts for its possible ability to influence the balance of the nervous system, inflammation and rest. This wide presence and versatility of applications have made it an ally of the wellness industry and even a common ingredient in CBD creams, balms or oils. What is CBG and why does it attract attention? Cannabigerol, or CBG, is less well known, but it is key in the biosynthesis of other cannabinoids. Its acidic form (CBGA) is the starting point from which CBD, THC, CBC and other cannabinoids derive, hence it is known as “the mother cannabinoid”. However, since much of the CBGA is converted to these other compounds during plant maturation, CBG is usually found in very low concentrations. Only recently, thanks to advances in cultivation techniques and the development of specific strains, has it been possible to obtain greater quantities. Its possible influence on areas such as digestive health, immune response or neuronal activity has begun to be studied. How CBD and CBG work in the body Both CBD and CBG interact with the endocannabinoid system, a biological network involved in functions such as pain, mood, and inflammatory response. However, they do it in different ways. CBD does not bind directly to CB1 and CB2 receptors, but rather modulates them indirectly. This characteristic gives it some flexibility in how it influences different processes in the body. CBG, on the other hand, has shown a more direct affinity for these receptors. It is considered a partial agonist, which means that it could activate certain mechanisms with greater specificity. This difference has drawn attention in studies that analyze its possible more localized or immediate effect on certain functions (Calapai et al., 2022). Other mechanisms studied: receptors and enzymes Both cannabinoids have also been analyzed for their interaction with other systems in the body. One of them is the TRPV1 receptor, linked to pain perception and temperature. Another is the FAAH enzyme, which regulates levels of anandamide, a natural molecule associated with emotional balance and feelings of relief. These parallel paths allow us to observe that both CBD and CBG could influence similar processes, although through different routes. Properties of CBD and CBG: what has been studied and how they could influence well-being Many of the studies on these cannabinoids have focused on looking at how they might be involved in processes related to inflammation, physical discomfort, or brain function. Although research is still ongoing, there are certain areas where preliminary results have aroused considerable interest. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity: comparison between CBD and CBG CBD has been extensively studied for its possible ability to influence immune system molecules known as cytokines, which are related to the body’s inflammatory responses (Atalay et al., 2019). This property has been explored in relation to joint discomfort or skin problems. On the other hand, CBG has been analyzed in laboratory studies on intestinal inflammation, including conditions such as colitis, where it is observed that it could intervene in how inflammation is regulated (Li et al., 2022). In addition, both compounds have been recognized for their potential as antioxidants. This means that they could help neutralize free radicals, molecules that damage cells and are associated with aging and other cellular alterations (Calapai et al., 2024). Together, these protective actions of both compounds have led to new lines of research into their role in the overall balance of the body. CBD and CBG vs. Pain: Possible Differences in Their Mechanisms As for pain, CBD has been linked to its interaction with a protein called TRPV1, which is part of a system that regulates pain perception and body temperature (Blebea et al., 2024). That is why it has been considered in studies that investigate prolonged discomfort, muscle tension or stiffness in joints. CBG, although less studied, has also shown promising signs. It has been observed that it could interact more directly with specific receptors of the endocannabinoid system, such as those called CB1 and CB2. This interaction could be related to more specific effects on types of pain such as acute or nervous-origin (Li et al., 2022; Calapai et al., 2024). This suggests that each of these compounds could act at specific times or types of discomfort. Neuroprotective potential of CBD and CBG according to current research The effects of CBD and CBG on the nervous system have also been analyzed. In the case of CBD, studies suggest that it could help reduce inflammation in the brain and protect neurons from damage caused by so-called oxidative stress, which is a form of cellular imbalance related to neurodegenerative diseases (Fernández-Ruiz et al., 2013). In the case of CBG, research is underway to determine whether it could play a significant role in protecting neurons and in functions such as memory or concentration. Some studies explore its possible influence on the regulation of the immune system

When talking about hemp-derived compounds, two names often come up: CBD and THC. Both are part of the same chemical family, but their effects, uses and legal regulation are very different. What makes them so different? Understanding how they act in the body, what applications are attributed to them, and what the scientific evidence says can help you make more informed and confident decisions. And to do this, the first thing is to observe how they relate to your own biological system. How they act in the body: mechanisms of action Before talking about effects or uses, it is essential to understand what happens in your body when they come into contact with CBD or THC. Both act through an internal system called the endocannabinoid, which functions as a regulatory network. That is, as a set of “switches” that help maintain the balance between functions as diverse as mood, appetite or sleep. Let’s see what role each one plays. The Endocannabinoid System and Its Regulatory Role This system is present in your body from birth and fulfills key functions for your general well-being. It is made up of receptors (called CB1 and CB2), which act as sensors in different parts of the body. CB1s are primarily found in the brain, while CB2s are found in peripheral organs, the immune system, and tissues such as the skin. Cannabinoids like THC and CBD bind to these receptors in different ways, and that’s where the big difference begins. While one activates them directly, the other modulates them gently. That interaction sets the tone for its effects. THC and its direct effect on brain receptors THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) binds directly to CB1 receptors located in the brain. In doing so, it activates them as if it were pressing buttons that temporarily modify the communication between neurons. This can translate into changes in the perception of time, intense sensations or alterations in immediate memory. According to research such as that of Stella (2023), this activation gives it some beneficial potential, but it also makes its effects stronger and that is why it needs greater medical and expert control when used for these purposes. In young people or people with a certain predisposition, it can generate cognitive or emotional side effects that should be known in advance. CBD and its indirect influence Cannabidiol (CBD), on the other hand, does not directly activate these receptors. What it does is something more subtle: it modulates them. It is what experts call a negative allosteric modulator. In simple words, it slightly changes the shape of the receptor so that its response to other substances is more balanced. In addition, CBD interacts with other receptors such as TRPV1 (related to pain perception and temperature) or 5-HT1A (linked to emotional regulation and serotonin). This ability to influence several points at once could explain why its role in relieving pain, anxiety, or even cell protection is being studied (Blebea et al., 2024). Effects on the body: what the evidence shows With the mechanisms clear, we can now talk about its effects. The differences between CBD and THC are not only seen in how they work, but also in the changes they produce on a physical, emotional, and cognitive level. This is where science offers valuable guidance. Cognitive and emotional changes associated with THC Studies in humans and animals have shown that THC alters the activity of brain areas such as the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (Stella, 2023). These regions are involved in memory, judgment, and emotional control. As a result, THC can lead to temporary difficulties in working memory, decreased clarity when making decisions, or even mood variations. Although some people seek it precisely for these effects, they can also pose risks, especially when the amount or context in which it is used is unknown. That is one of the reasons why its regulation is stricter. Regulatory Effects of CBD on Mood, Pain, and Sleep CBD has been studied from a different perspective. As it does not generate psychoactive effects, its ability to modulate states such as anxiety or stress without interfering with mental lucidity has been explored (Blessing et al., 2015). In addition, research links it to potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that could be useful for the management of physical discomfort (Atalay et al., 2019). In terms of sleep, studies such as that of Rojas-Valverde (2021) have observed that CBD could promote rest without inducing artificial sleepiness. In other words, it would not be about sleeping more, but about sleeping better, naturally and without affecting your consciousness. This set of possible effects has made it an attractive option for those who seek to accompany their daily well-being. Safety, tolerance and possible risks Talking about cannabinoids not only implies knowing their benefits, but also their possible adverse effects. Understanding what their tolerance and safety levels are helps you better assess whether they’re right for you. Safety Profile of Cannabidiol (CBD) One of the reasons why CBD has gained popularity is that it is generally safe. In the few cases where there are adverse reactions, they are usually transitory: feeling tired, mild sleepiness or digestive discomfort (Blebea et al., 2024). It is also relevant that no risks of dependence or negative effects on memory have been identified. However, like any active substance, it can interfere with certain medications or health conditions. Therefore, if you plan to incorporate CBD into your routine, it is advisable to do so with professional supervision, especially if you are already under treatment or have a medical condition. Risks associated with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) use The case of THC requires more attention. When used repeatedly, you can develop tolerance (i.e., needing higher and higher amounts to feel its effects) and, in some cases, psychological dependence. Research such as that of Stella (2023) also warns about its possible impact on brain development in specific cases. For all these reasons, its legal application is restricted to very specific medical contexts and always under specialized evaluation. Plant origin and differences in the

Have you ever wondered how you manage to turn the hemp plant into high-purity CBD crystals? It is a process that combines science and precision to obtain a refined product that is free of impurities. Through advanced extraction and purification techniques, cannabidiol reaches its crystalline form, making it an essential ingredient for various applications. Although CBD is widely known in its oil and cream presentations, few know the meticulous procedure behind its crystallization. In this article, we’ll walk you through each step of the process, from initial extraction to obtaining ready-to-use crystals. What are CBD crystals and what differentiates them from other presentations? CBD in crystal form is a high-purity isolate that is extracted from the hemp plant using advanced processes. Unlike other derivative products, crystals are a concentrated, refined form without terpenes or other cannabinoids. Its appearance resembles sugar or salt, and its composition allows precise control in its use in medical, cosmetic and food formulations. Differences with other CBD products Unlike oils, tinctures, or full-spectrum extracts, CBD crystals are the purest form of cannabidiol. While oils typically contain a combination of cannabinoids and terpenes, crystals remove these compounds, leaving a product with no smell or taste, ideal for specific applications where full control over dosage is required. Benefits of purification Obtaining CBD crystals is not only focused on extracting the compound, but also on removing impurities such as waxes, pigments, and traces of other cannabinoids such as THC. The ultimate goal is to achieve a product with a purity of more than 99%, ensuring its safety and effectiveness. CBD Legality and THC Content The legal status of the CBD varies depending on the regulations of each country. In Spain, CBD products are legal as long as they contain less than 0.2% THC. The purpose of crystals is precisely to reduce the presence of other cannabinoids, so their content is generally in accordance with the law. However, it is essential to check the regulations in force in your region to avoid legal inconveniences. Materials and techniques used in the manufacture of CBD crystals The process of obtaining CBD crystals requires specialized materials and equipment to ensure the purity and safety of the final product. The main tools and techniques used in its manufacture are described below: Essential Materials Here are the minimum materials needed to carry out the CBD crystallization process: High-quality cannabidiol extract: It is obtained from certified industrial hemp through controlled extraction processes. The quality of the initial extract directly influences the purity of the final product. Specialty solvents: Substances such as ethanol, n-hexane or butane are used in the different stages of the purification and crystallization process. These solvents help separate CBD from other plant compounds. Evaporation and crystallization system: Once purified, the extract must undergo a controlled evaporation process to form the crystals. Advanced techniques and specialized equipment In addition to the essential materials, more sophisticated techniques and equipment can be employed to improve the efficiency and purity of the final product: Purification equipment: These include filtration membranes, centrifuges, and chromatography columns, which allow them to remove impurities and isolate CBD with high accuracy. Supercritical CO2 extraction system: This advanced technique uses supercritical carbon dioxide to extract the active compounds without leaving chemical residues. It is an efficient, safe and environmentally friendly method. Controlled crystallization: Regulated temperature and pressure systems are used to induce the crystallization of CBD under optimal conditions. Final drying and refinement: Vacuum and temperature-controlled systems are used to remove any solvent residue and obtain crystals with more than 99% purity. Each of these elements plays a critical role in removing unwanted compounds and concentrating CBD in its crystalline state, ensuring a safe and high-quality final product. Extraction and purification process Depending on whether hemp is used as a raw material or an extract already obtained, the process can start from the initial extraction or directly from purification and crystallization. If you start from the hemp plant: Step 1: Supercritical CO2 Extraction This method uses high-pressure, temperature-controlled carbon dioxide to separate CBD from hemp biomass. It is an efficient technique that avoids solvent residues and preserves the quality of the extract. Step 2: Winterization (removal of waxes and greases) After extraction, the crude extract contains waxes and lipids that need to be removed. To do this, it is dissolved in ethanol and subjected to sub-zero temperatures, which causes the precipitation of impurities. The solution is then filtered, leaving behind a much more refined extract. If you start from an extract already obtained: Step 3: Chromatography for Compound Separation If you already have a CBD extract, the first step is to purify it. Column chromatography allows you to separate the different cannabinoids and remove traces of THC. In this process, the extract is passed through a column filled with solid material, such as silica or C18 reversed phase, which acts as a separation medium. When a suitable solvent is applied, the various compounds present in the mixture interact with them and move at different speeds depending on their chemical affinity with the solvent and the material of the column. With this method, it is possible to isolate CBD from other unwanted cannabinoids and plant compounds, ensuring greater purity of the final product. Precipitation and obtaining CBD crystals Precipitation and obtaining CBD crystals Step 4: Controlled evaporative crystallization After purification, the next step is the crystallization of CBD. To achieve this, the extract is dissolved in a nonpolar solvent, such as n-hexane. This solvent acts as a medium in which CBD is kept in solution until conditions are conducive to its solidification. The crystallization process occurs when the solvent slowly evaporates under carefully controlled temperature and pressure conditions. Over time, the CBD molecules begin to clump together and form solid structures, generating the crystals. The rate of evaporation is key: a very fast process can generate small, irregular crystals, while slower evaporation allows for the formation of larger, purer crystals. Step 5: Crystal separation and filtration Once the crystals have begun to form,